Notes:
[1] Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: A Life (New York: Penguin Books, 2014), 580.
[2] Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: A Life (New York: Penguin Books, 2014), 595.
[3] During the Great Northern War from 1700 to 1721, Charles XII’s Swedish Empire confronted an anti-Swedish Coalition, led by Russia’s Peter the Great, determined to roll back Sweden’s domination of Europe. Enjoying early success against coalition members in the west, Charles invaded Russia in early 1708. Roberts, 569.
[4] Stephanie Pain, “1709: The Year That Europe Froze,” New Scientist, accessed December 30, 2022, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942-100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze/.
[5] 1694-1778 Voltaire and Winifred Todhunter, Voltaire’s History of Charles XII, King of Sweden (London : J.M. Dent, 1908), http://archive.org/details/voltaireshistory00voltuoft.
[6] Roberts, Napoleon, 434.
[7] Roberts, 451–56.
[8] Roberts, 578.
[9] Roberts, 590.
[10] Roberts, 615.
[11] Roberts, 612.
[12] Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, 1st edition (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), 207.
[13] Niccolò Machiavelli, Selected Political Writings, ed. David Wootton (Hackett Publishing, 1994), 74–75.
[14] Machiavelli, 75.
[15] Machiavelli, 75.
[16] Machiavelli, 74.
[17] Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Indexed Edition, trans. Michael Eliot Howard and Peter Paret, Reprint edition (Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1989), 136.
[18] Clausewitz, 141.
[19] Clausewitz, 134.
[20] Clausewitz, 134.
[21] Clausewitz, 6.
[22] Clausewitz, 109.
[23] Clausewitz, 88–89.
[24] Clausewitz, 140.
[25] Clausewitz, 146.
[26] Roberts, Napoleon, 595.
[27] Machiavelli, Selected Political Writings, 76.
[28] Clausewitz, On War, Indexed Edition, 140.
