Notes:
[1] Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Carl Von Clausewitz On War, Indexed (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
[2]John Boyd, A Discourse on Winning and Losing (Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press, 2018).
[3] The quotes from classic war strategists are in reference to and support each of the assumptions Putin made. Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Carl Von Clausewitz On War, Indexed (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).; Sun Tzu and Michael Nylan, The Art of War (New York, NY: W. W. Norton et Company, Inc, 2020).; Antoine Henri Jomini and J. D. Hittle, Jomini and His Summary of the Art of War: A Condensed Version (Cranbury, NJ: Scholar’s Bookshelf, 2006).
[4] Richard Betts, “Is Strategy an Illusion?” International Security 25, no. 2 (Fall 2000), pp. 5-50.
[5] Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Carl Von Clausewitz On War, Indexed (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
[6] Jason M. Brown, “Uploading John Boyd,” The Strategy Bridge (The Strategy Bridge, January 22, 2021),
[7] CK-12 Foundation, “Normal Force and Friction Force,” CK-12 (CK-12 Foundation, September 1, 2016).
[8] Ibid.
[9] NATO, “NATO’s Response to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine,” NATO (NATO, February 24, 2023).
[10] Ibid.
[11] Ukrainian resistance
[12] NATO, “NATO’s Response to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine,” NATO (NATO, February 24, 2023).
[13] Michael Kofman, “The August War, Ten Years on: A Retrospective on the Russo-Georgian War,” War on the Rocks, August 17, 2018; Kurt Volker, “Where’s NATO’s Strong Response to Russia’s Invasion of Crimea?” Foreign Policy, March 18, 2014; Kelly A. Grieco, “Testing Assumptions about the War in Ukraine, One Year Later ,” Stimson Center, February 15, 2023.
[14] Tomasz Grotnik, “Russian Carrier Kuznetsov Leaves Dry Dock… at Last,” Naval News, February 24, 2023.
[15] Basil Germond, “Ukraine: Russia’s Inability to Dominate the Sea Has Changed the Course of the War,” The Conversation, February 24, 2023.
[16] Kelly A. Grieco, “Testing Assumptions about the War in Ukraine, One Year Later,” Stimson Center, February 15, 2023.
[17] Angela Dewan, “Ukraine and Russia’s Militaries Are David and Goliath. Here’s How They Compare,” CNN (Cable News Network, February 25, 2022).
[18] Gerry Doyle, Anurag Rao, and Vijdan Mohammad Kawoosa, “How Weapons from Western Allies Are Strengthening Ukraine’s Defence,” Reuters (Thomson Reuters, March 10, 2023).
[19] Michael Kofman, “The August War, Ten Years on: A Retrospective on the Russo-Georgian War,” War on the Rocks, August 17, 2018.
[20] Kurt Volker, “Where’s NATO’s Strong Response to Russia’s Invasion of Crimea?” Foreign Policy, March 18, 2014.
[21] Alison Smale and Micheal D. Shear, “Russia Is Ousted from Group of 8 by U.S. and Allies,” The New York Times (The New York Times, March 24, 2014).
[22] Reuters Person, “Factbox: How the EU Ban on Russian Oil Imports Affects Oil Flows,” Reuters (Thomson Reuters, March 15, 2023).
[23] Maxim Trudolyubov, “War as Putin’s New Normal,” Wilson Center (Kennan Institute, February 24, 2023).
[24] Jonathan Masters, “Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia,” Council on Foreign Relations (Council on Foreign Relations, February 14, 2023).
[25] Unknown NATO, “NATO’s Response to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine,” NATO (NATO, February 24, 2023).
[26] Roger Cohen, “War in Ukraine Has Changed Europe Forever,” The New York Times (The New York Times, February 26, 2023).
[27] “NATO,” NATO (NATO, April 3, 2008).
[28] Roger Cohen, “War in Ukraine Has Changed Europe Forever,” The New York Times (The New York Times, February 26, 2023).
[29] Ibid.
[30] “NATO,” NATO (NATO, April 3, 2008).
[31] Jonathan Masters, “Ukraine: Conflict at the Crossroads of Europe and Russia,” Council on Foreign Relations (Council on Foreign Relations, February 14, 2023).
[32] Michael Howard and Peter Paret, Carl Von Clausewitz On War, Indexed (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).; John Boyd, A Discourse on Winning and Losing (Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press, 2018).
[33] Michael Kofman, “The August War, Ten Years on: A Retrospective on the Russo-Georgian War,” War on the Rocks, August 17, 2018; Kurt Volker, “Where’s NATO’s Strong Response to Russia’s Invasion of Crimea?,” Foreign Policy, March 18, 2014.
[34] Bruce Riedel, “Could Ukraine Be Putin’s Afghanistan?” Brookings (Brookings, February 24, 2022).
[35] John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, “The Case for Offshore Balancing – A Superior U.S. Grand Strategy,” Foreign Affairs 95, no. 4 (2016): 70–83.
[36] Ibid.
