Notes:
[1] Huntington, Samuel P., The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
[2] Morse, Yonatan L. “From single-party to electoral authoritarian regimes: The institutional origins of competitiveness in post-Cold War Africa.” Comparative Politics 48, no. 1 (2015): 126-151; Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas Van de Walle. “Neopatrimonial regimes and political transitions in Africa.” World Politics 46, no. 4 (1994): 453-489.
[3] Kandil, Hazem. “Military, Security, and Politics in Regime Change: Explaining the Power Triangle” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, 2021.
[4] Hunter, Lance Y, Josh Rutland, and Zachary King, “Leaving the Barracks: Military Coups in Developing Democracies,” Politics & Policy, Volume 48, Issue 6, 2020, pp. 1080.
[5] Huntington, Samuel P., Political Order in Changing Societies, foreword by Francis Fukuyama, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996
[6] Perlmutter, Amos. “The Praetorian State and the Praetorian Army: Toward a Taxonomy of Civil-Military Relations in Developing Polities.” Comparative Politics 1, No. 3, 1969, pp. 382–404.
[7] Bratton, Michael, and Nicholas van de Walle. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997
[8] Schmitt, Carl. The Concept of the Political: Expanded Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007
[9] Huntington, Samuel P., The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1967, pp. 84
[10] Ibid.
[11] Gerits, Frank, “La France en Afrique: pourquoi les politiques de Macron ont accru la méfiance et la colère,” The Conversation, 7 September 2023, url: https://theconversation.com/la-france-en-afrique-pourquoi-les-politiques-de-macron-ont-accru-la-mefiance-et-la-colere-212988
[12] “Niger : le régime militaire « célèbre une nouvelle étape vers la souveraineté »” Le Point, 25 September 2023, url: https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/niger-le-regime-militaire-celebre-une-nouvelle-etape-vers-la-souverainete-25-09-2023-2536722_24.php#11
[13] ‘“A slave who cannot assume his own revolt does not deserve to be pitied,” says Ibrahim Traoré of Burkina Faso,’ Peoples Dispatch, 2 August 2023, url: https://peoplesdispatch.org/2023/08/02/a-slave-who-cannot-assume-his-own-revolt-does-not-deserve-to-be-pitied-says-ibrahim-traore-of-burkina-faso/
[14] J. Patrice Mcsherry, “The Emergence of “Guardian Democracy”,” NACLA Report on the Americas, 32:3, pp. 16-24, 1998
[15] Olafsson, Nadine, “When Military Coups d’état Become Acts of Social Justice,” E-International Relations, 17 January 2020, url: https://www.e-ir.info/2020/01/17/when-military-coups-detat-become-acts-of-social-justice/
[16] “Journée nationale de la souveraineté retrouvée,” Secrétariat Géneral du Gouvernement, 2023, url: https://sgg-mali.ml/fr/actualites/90/journe-nationale-de-la-souverainet-retrouve.html,
[17] “Niger’s General Abdourahamane Tiani declares himself leader after coup,” France 24, 28 July 2023, url: https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230728-niger-s-general-abdourahamane-tchiani-declared-new-leader-following-coup-state-tv
[18] Welch, Claude E., “Praetorianism in Commonwealth West Africa,” The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2 (July 1972), pp. 207
[19] Habtom, Naman Karl-Thomas, “The Potential Consequences for Africa of an FTO Designation of the Wagner Group,” Lawfare, 6 March 2023, url: https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/potential-consequences-africa-fto-designation-wagner-group
[20] Lechner, John, Are Russian mercenaries bad for the Central African Republic? Responsible Statecraft, 11 April 2023, url: https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2023/04/11/are-russian-mercenaries-bad-for-the-central-african-republic/
[21] Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book LXXVII.
