Notes:
[1] Jim Wyss, “‘Colombia’ vs. ‘Columbia’: South American country wants its name spelled right,” Tribune News Service, February 1, 2016, https://www.sun-sentinel.com/features/sfl-colombia-vs-columbia-south-american-country-wants-its-name-spelled-right-20160128-story.html; “Terrence McCoy, “Colombians just want you to stop misspelling their country’s name,” Washington Post, April 23, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/23/colombians-just-want-you-to-stop-misspelling-their-countrys-name/
[2] Dr. Wenshuo Zhang, email message to author, October 21, 2013.
[3] Alyssa Ayres, “How the BRICS Got Here,” Council on Foreign Relations, August 31, 2017, https://www.cfr.org/expert-brief/how-brics-got-here
[4] Trita Parsi, “Why non-Western countries tend to see Russia’s war very, very differently,” MSNBC, April 11, 2022, https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/ukraine-russia-war-looks-very-different-outside-west-n1294280; Mary Blankenship and Aloysius Uche Ordu, “Russia’s narratives about its invasion of Ukraine are lingering in Africa,” Brookings, June 27, 2022, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa-in-focus/2022/06/27/russias-narratives-about-its-invasion-of-ukraine-are-lingering-in-africa/
[5] Mark Green, “Only 93 Countries of the Human Rights Council’s 193-member General Assembly Voted to Suspend Russia,” Wilson Center, June 21, 2022, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/only-93-countries-human-rights-councils-193-member-general-assembly-voted-suspend-russia; Ivana Saric and Zachary Basu, “141 countries vote to condemn Russia at UN,” Axios, March 2, 2022, https://www.axios.com/2022/03/02/united-nations-ukraine-russia-141; Olga Robinson, Shayan Sardarizadeh and Jake Horton, “Ukraine war: Fact-checking Russia’s biological weapons claims,” BBC News, March 15, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/60711705
[6] Paul Baines, “Ukrainian propaganda: how Zelensky is winning the information war against Russia,” The Conversation, May 11, 2022, https://theconversation.com/ukrainian-propaganda-how-zelensky-is-winning-the-information-war-against-russia-182061; Morgan Meaker, “How Ukraine Is Winning the Propaganda War,” WIRED, June 13, 2022, https://www.wired.com/story/ukraine-propaganda-war/; Chels Michta, “Ukraine is Winning,” Center for European Policy Analysis, September, 6, 2022, https://cepa.org/article/ukraine-is-winning/
[7] Damián E. Blasi, Joseph Henrich, Evangelia Adamou, David Kemmerer, and Asifa Majid, “Over-reliance on English hinders cognitive science,” Trends in Cognitive Science, October 14, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.015; Asifa Majid, October 15, 2022, 07:25 am, and https://twitter.com/asifa_majid/status/1581244979061874688.
[8] Eliza Willis and Janet A. Seiz, “All Latinos don’t vote the same way – their place of origin matters,” March 17, 2020, The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/all-latinos-dont-vote-the-same-way-their-place-of-origin-matters-133600; Jens Manuel Krogstad, “Mexicans, Dominicans are more Catholic than most other Hispanics,” Pew Research Center, May 24, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/05/27/mexicans-and-dominicans-more-catholic-than-most-hispanics/; Andrew Boryga, “Democrats push Puerto Rican voters to outmuscle Cuban Republicans in Florida,” South Florida Sun-Sentinel, October 24, 2020, https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/politics/fl-ne-democrat-push-puerto-rican-voters-florida-20201024-6m6rwvuf6vbg5jl5mnq2cqaoxa-story.html
[9] Paul Taylor, Mark Hugo Lopez, Jessica Martínez and Gabriel Velasco, “When Labels Don’t Fit: Hispanics and Their Views of Identity,” Pew Research Center, April 4, 2012, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2012/04/04/when-labels-dont-fit-hispanics-and-their-views-of-identity/ ; “Seija Rankin, “Go inside the making of In the Heights with this exclusive excerpt,” Entertainment Weekly, June 10, 2021, https://ew.com/books/go-inside-the-making-of-in-the-heights/
[10] Carlos A. Romero, Juan Gabriel Tokatlian, Carlos Luján, Guadalupe González González and Mónica Hirst, “Cómo América Latina ve a Europa,” Nueva Sociedad, April 2022, https://nuso.org/articulo/como-AL-ve-a-europa/; Marcos Ommati, “China and Russia: The Worst Image Among Latin Americans,” Diálogo Américas, April 15, 2022, https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/china-and-russia-the-worst-image-among-latin-americans
[11] “The rival influences of the United States and China,” The Economist, June 16, 2022, https://www.economist.com/special-report/2022/06/16/the-rival-influences-of-the-united-states-and-china; Leland Lazarus and Ryan C. Berg, “Washington Must Respond to China’s Growing Military Presence in Latin America,” Foreign Policy, March 14, 2022, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/14/china-latin-america-military-pla-infrastructure-ports-colombia/; Ernesto Lodoño, “From a Space Station in Argentina, China Expands Its Reach in Latin America,” New York Times, July 28, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/28/world/americas/china-latin-america.html; Iván Marcos Peláez, “COFCO Group, China’s state-owned agribusiness giant,” LinkedIn, March 8, 2017, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/cofco-group-chinas-state-owned-agribusiness-giant-iv%C3%A1n-marcos-pel%C3%A1ez/
[12] Andres Oppenheimer, “China is becoming more popular than the U.S. in many Latin American countries,” The Miami Herald, April 24, 2019, https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/andres-oppenheimer/article229621934.html
[13] Richard Wike, Jacob Poushter, Laura Silver and Caldwell Bishop,” Globally, More Name U.S. Than China as World’s Leading Economic Power,” Pew Research Center, July 13, 2017, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/07/13/more-name-u-s-than-china-as-worlds-leading-economic-power/
[14] “America’s Global Image,” Pew Research Center, June 23, 2015, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/06/23/1-americas-global-image/
[15] “China’s Image,” Pew Research Center, July 14, 2014, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2014/07/14/chapter-2-chinas-image/; Laura Silver, Kat Devlin and Chrstine Huang, “Attitudes Toward China,” Pew Research Center, December 5, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/12/05/attitudes-toward-china-2019/
[16] Frank Bruni, “The 2000 Campaign: The Texas Governor; Bush Vows to Put Greater U.S. Focus on Latin America,” New York Times, August 26, 2000, https://www.nytimes.com/2000/08/26/us/2000-campaign-texas-governor-bush-vows-put-greater-us-focus-latin-america.html
[17] Thomas Suh Lauder, Maloy Moore and Matt Stiles, “What’s on Kamala Harris’ calendar?” Los Angeles Times, September 23, 2022, https://www.latimes.com/projects/kamala-harris-events-appearances-vp-schedule-news/; Noah Bierman, “Kamala Harris’ biggest assignment is in Latin America. But she hasn’t gone there much,” Los Angeles Times, June 6, 2022, https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-06-06/harris-biggest-assignment-is-in-latin-america-but-she-hasnt-been-there-much
[18] André Spigariol, “Brazil, U.S. to hold unprecedented military exercise,” Brazilian Report, December 3, 2021, https://brazilian.report/liveblog/2021/12/03/unprecedented-military-exercise/; Rafael Andrade, “SOUTHCOM Commander Visits Argentina and Chile,” Diálogo Américas, May 11, 2022, https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/southcom-commander-visits-argentina-and-chile
[19] John Coatsworth, “United States Interventions,” Revista, May 15, 2005, https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/united-states-interventions/; “America,” Digital image, Memedroid. September 6, 2022, https://www.memedroid.com/memes/detail/3781951/America?refGallery=tags&page=1&tag=captain+america; @bluboy43, Twitter post, July 2, 2022, 10:41 am, https://twitter.com/bluboy43/status/1543258574893322242; “The US and the Fear of Communism in their own ‘Backyard’,” Roosevelt Institute for American Studies, n.d. https://www.roosevelt.nl/from-the-vaults/the-us-and-the-fear-of-communism-in-their-own-backyard/
[20] Ann Deslandes, “US arms companies under pressure from Mexico lawsuit,” AlJazeera, August 18, 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/8/18/us-arms-companies-under-pressure-from-mexico-lawsuit; Julian Resendiz, “Mexico calls on U.S. for help in stopping delivery of guns to cartels,” KRQE News, September 8, 2022, https://www.krqe.com/news/border-report/mexico-calls-on-u-s-for-help-in-stopping-delivery-of-guns-to-cartels/; Alfredo Corchado, “Mexico worries that new Texas permitless carry law will lead to more violence south of the border,” Dallas Morning News, August 6, 2021, https://www.dallasnews.com/news/mexico/2021/08/06/mexico-worries-that-new-texas-permitless-carry-law-will-lead-to-more-violence-south-of-the-border/
[21] Diana Roy, “Brazil’s Global Ambitions,” Council on Foreign Relations, September 19, 2022, https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/brazils-global-ambitions; “Lula Seeks Permanent U.N. Security Council Seats for Brazil, Japan,” Nippon.com, August 23, 2022, https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2022082300559/; Eugenio V. Garcia and Natalia B.R. Coelho, “A Seat at the Top? A Historical Appraisal of Brazil’s Case for the UN Security Council,” SAGE Open 8, no. 3(2018), https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018801098; Tim Vernimmen, “Business as Usual Threatens Thousands of Amazon Tree Species,” Scientific American, June 24, 2019, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/business-as-usual-threatens-thousands-of-amazon-tree-species
[22] “Trump designates Brazil a ‘major non-NATO ally’,” Associated Press, July 31, 2019, https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-brazil-jair-bolsonaro-latin-america-politics-569758ff78f94677897e71b595e6c48b
[23] Embassy of Brazil in Washington, DC. “A major step was taken today to further facilitate Brazil-U.S. trade” September 16, 2022, 9:32 PM, Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/BrazilianEmbassy/posts/pfbid02JZjNuGhw2gmRH4bCwuKgrS1915aSDzhmw6quji5UvuVvkaUdpkCVgdYvDBrZn32Gl; “Brasil quer EUA como principal destino de cientistas bolsistas,” CidadeVerde.com, April 4, 2012, https://cidadeverde.com/noticias/99131/brasil-quer-eua-como-principal-destino-de-cientistas-bolsistas
[24] Chelsea Bengier, “These Are the Most Misspelled Countries in the World,” Yahoo, October 9, 2020, https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/most-misspelled-countries-world-185203670.html; “10 Countries Whose Names People Regularly Mispronounce,” TwistedSifter.com, August 1, 2022, https://twistedsifter.com/2022/08/10-countries-whose-names-people-regularly-mispronounce/; Timothy Noah, “Afghan vs. Afghani, Part 3,” Slate, December 2, 2001, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2001/12/afghan-vs-afghani-part-3.html
[25] Marc Saxer, “The end of the end of history,” International Politics and Society, July 13, 2022, https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/foreign-and-security-policy/the-end-of-the-end-of-history-6063/
[26] R. Evan Ellis, “The Transitional World Order: Implications for Latin America and the Caribbean,” Global Americans, March 29, 2022, https://theglobalamericans.org/2022/03/the-transitional-world-order-implications-for-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/
[27] J. Luis Rodriguez &Christy Thornton, “The liberal international order and the global south: a view from Latin America,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 2022, page 1, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09557571.2022.2107326
[28] Rosa Balfour, Lizza Bomassi and Marta Martinelli, “Coronavirus and the Widening Global North-South Gap,” Carnegie Europe, April 25, 2022, https://carnegieeurope.eu/2022/04/25/coronavirus-and-widening-global-north-south-gap-pub-86891; Amanda Cronkhite, Twitter post, September 4, 2022, 7:05 am, https://twitter.com/abcronkhite/status/1566396927612272646; Amanda Cronkhite and Jacqueline Whitt, “Why does the media cover stories in some countries… but not others?” War Room, February 12, 2019, https://warroom.armywarcollege.edu/podcasts/why-does-the-media-cover-stories-in-some-countries-but-not-others/
[29] “The least developed countries report 2020: productive capacities for the new decade,” United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, December 3, 2020, https://unctad.org/press-material/least-developed-countries-report-2020productive-capacities-new-decade; Brian Wang, “Developed Country population from 17% to over 50% of World by 2050,” NextBigFuture.com, November 19, 2018, https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2018/11/developed-country-population-from-17-to-over-50-of-world-by-2050.html
[30] Rebecca Harrington, “These will be the world’s 10 biggest cities in 2050 — and you probably haven’t heard of some of them,” Business Insider, February 18, 2016, https://www.businessinsider.com/10-most-populous-cities-2050-2016-2 ; “City Population by 2100,” Ontario Tech University, January 2014, https://sites.ontariotechu.ca/sustainabilitytoday/urban-and-energy-systems/Worlds-largest-cities/population-projections/city-population-2100.php Continue Text
