Notes:
[1] H. R. McMaster, Battlegrounds: The Fight to Defend the Free World (New York, NY: Harper, 2020), 15–16, 127–33.
[2] McMaster, 16.
[3] U.S. Congress. Senate, Statement of Admiral John C. Aquilino, U.S. Navy Commander, U.S. Indo-Pacific Command Before the Senate Armed Services Committee on Indo-Pacific Command Posture, Senate, 117th Cong., 2nd sess., March 22, 2022, 2.
[4] Robert D. Kaplan, The Revenge of Geography: What the Map Tells Us about Coming Conflicts and the Battle Against Fate (New York: Random House, 2013), xviii.
[5] Lt. Gen. Kevin B. Schneider, “Remarks to the Japan National Press Club” (Tokyo, February 25, 2020), usfj.mil.
[6] Seth Robson, “Russia Deploys Bastion Anti-Ship Missile System to Island North of Japan,” Stars and Stripes, December 7, 2021; Jon Grevatt et al., “Update: Russia Deploys Bastion Coastal Defence System at New Military Facility in Disputed Kuril Islands,” Janes.com, December 7, 2021.
[7] Rush Doshi, The Long Game: China’s Grand Strategy to Displace American Order (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021), 56–58.
[8] “Historian Addresses Wesleyan,” The New York Times, June 4, 1984, Late edition, sec. B, timemachine.nytimes.com.
[9] Doshi, The Long Game, 271–76; Brands and Beckley, Danger Zone, 27–28. Brands and Beckley note, “During the Century of Humiliation, China was forced to fight more than a dozen wars on its soil and suffered two of the deadliest civil wars in history: the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864, 20-30 million dead) and the Chinese Civil War (1927-1948, 7-8 million dead).”
[10] Timothy Webster, “A Formula to Resolve the South Korea-Japan Wartime Forced Labor Issue,” United States Institute of Peace, August 18, 2022, https://www.usip.org.
[11] For an executive synopsis of China’ Three Warfares, see Seth G. Jones, Three Dangerous Men: Russia, China, Iran, and the Rise of Irregular Warfare, First edition (New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2021), 147–49.
[12] Regarding China, Australia’s former Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, explains Xi Jinping’s world view using a heuristic of ten concentric circles, the first of which is Xi’s and CCP’s determination to remain in power. See, Kevin Rudd, The Avoidable War: The Dangers of a Catastrophic Conflict between the US and XI Jinping’s China (New York: PublicAffairs, 2022), 77–94.
[13] See Freedom House’s 2022 report for regional and country-specific assessments of tools authoritarian leaders use to maintain internal control. Brands and Beckley, Danger Zone, 49–51; Sarah Repucci and Amy Slipowitz, “Freedom in the World 2022, The Global Expansion of Authoritarian Rule” (Freedom House, February 2022), https://freedomhouse.org.
[14] Michelle Ye Hee Lee, “Russia Halts WWII Peace Treaty Talks with Japan in Response to Sanctions over Ukraine Invasion,” Washington Post, March 22, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/.
[15] Council on Foreign Relations, “North Korea’s Military Capabilities,” Backgrounder, June 28, 2022, https://www.cfr.org.
