Notes:
[1] Julian S. Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy (New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1918), 93.
[2] Alfred Thayer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783 (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1898), 7, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044013659107&view=1up&seq=9.
[3] Andrew S. Erickson and Manfred Meyer, in Modern Chinese Maritime Forces, ed. Larry Bond and Chris Carlson (Admiralty Trilogy Group, 2022), 3; Christopher P. Carlson and Jack Bianchi, “Warfare Drivers: Mission Needs and the Impact on Ship Design,” in Chinese Naval Shipbuilding: An Ambitious and Uncertain Course, ed. Andrew S. Erickson (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2016), 19.
[4] Benjamin L. Apt, “Mahan’s Forebears: The Debate Over Maritime Strategy, 1868-1883,” Naval War College Review 50, no. 3 (Summer 1997): 105, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44638752.
[5] A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower (Washington, DC: United States Marine Corps, United States Dept. of the Navy, United States Coast Guard, 2007).
[6] Dmitry Filipoff, “Secretary John Lehman on Strategic Credibility and Leveraging Command of the Seas,” Center for International Maritime Security, March 22, 2021, https://cimsec.org/secretary-john-lehman-on-strategic-credibility-and-leveraging-command-of-the-seas/.
[7] Irv Blickstein et al., Navy Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Execution: A Reference Guide for Senior Leaders, Managers, and Action Officers (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2016), 8, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/tools/TL200/TL224/RAND_TL224.pdf; Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Report to Congress on the Annual Long-Range Plan for Construction of Naval Vessels for Fiscal Year 2023 (Washington, DC: Pentagon, 2022), 10, https://media.defense.gov/2022/Apr/20/2002980535/-1/-1/0/PB23%20SHIPBUILDING%20PLAN%2018%20APR%202022%20FINAL.PDF.
[8] Holger H. Herwig, “Luxury” Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888-1918 (London: The Ashfield Press, 1987), 9.
[9] Lawrence Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997), 108–9.
[10] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 86.
[11] Rolf Hobson, The German School of Naval Thought and the Origins of the Tirpitz Plan 1875 ~ 1900 (Oslo: Institutt for Forsvarsstudier, 1996), 18, https://fhs.brage.unit.no/fhs-xmlui/handle/11250/99521.
[12] Hobson, The German School, 18–19.
[13] As quoted in Hobson, The German School, 21.
[14] Hobson, The German School, 21.
[15] Hobson, The German School, 22.
[16] As quoted in Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 13.
[17] Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 13; Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 108.
[18] David H. Olivier, German Naval Strategy, 1856-1888: Forerunners to Tirpitz (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2004), 91.
[19] Olivier, German Naval Strategy, 89, 96.
[20] Olivier, German Naval Strategy, 89, 91.
[21] Ivo Nikolai Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, 1862-1914 (Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1984), 5.
[22] Lambi, The Navy, 6.
[23] Lambi, The Navy, 5.
[24] Lambi, The Navy, 6; Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 114.
[25] Lambi, The Navy, 6.
[26] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 143.
[27] Olivier, German Naval Strategy, 99.
[28] Olivier, 106.
[29] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 143, 168.
[30] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 111.
[31] Olivier, German Naval Strategy, 105; Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 111, 114.
[32] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 136.
[33] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 111, 140.
[34] Lawrence Sondhaus, “The Imperial German Navy and Social Democracy, 1878-1897,” German Studies Review 18, no. 1 (February 1995): 52, https://www.jstor.org/stable/1431518.
[35] Sondhaus, 53, 55.
[36] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 153.
[37] As quoted in Lambi, The Navy, 6.
[38] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 172.
[39] Arne Røksund, The Jeune École: The Strategy of the Weak (Boston: Brill, 2007), 1, 6, https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004157231.i-242.
[40] As quoted in Røksund, 3.
[41] Røksund, x–xi, 7; Lawrence Sondhaus, Naval Warfare, 1815-1914 (New York: Taylor and Francis, 2012), 142, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203132234.
[42] As quoted in Røksund, 8.
[43] Olivier, German Naval Strategy, 145, 147.
[44] As quoted in Lambi, The Navy, 10.
[45] Lambi, The Navy, 7.
[46] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 180; Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 26.
[47] As quoted in Olivier, German Naval Strategy, 147.
[48] Lambi, The Navy, 9; Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 166.
[49] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 165, 168.
[50] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 164, 166.
[51] Lambi, The Navy, 9.
[52] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 176.
[53] As quoted in Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 25.
[54] Hobson, The German School, 21.
[55] Lambi, The Navy, 6, 9.
[56] As quoted in Dirk Bönker, “Global Politics and Germany’s Destiny ‘from an East Asian Perspective’: Alfred von Tirpitz and the Making of Wilhelmine Navalism,” Central European History 46, no. 1 (March 2013): 73, https://www.jstor.org/stable/43280550.
[57] Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 36.
[58] Paul Kennedy, “Tirpitz, England and the Second Navy Law of 1900: A Strategical Critique,” Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen, no. 2 (1970): 38, ProQuest.
[59] As quoted in Hobson, The German School, 47.
[60] Holger H. Herwig, “The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914-1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered,” The International History Review 10, no. 1 (February 1988): 69, https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1988.9640469.
[61] John B. Hattendorf, “The Caird Lecture, 2000: The Anglo‐French Naval Wars (1689–1815) in Twentieth‐Century Naval Thought,” Journal for Maritime Research 3, no. 1 (2001): 55, https://doi.org/10.1080/21533369.2001.9668312.
[62] Lambi, The Navy, 166.
[63] Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 38; Carl-Axel Gemzell, Organization, Conflict, and Innovation: A Study of German Naval Strategic Planning, 1888-1940 (Stockholm: Esselte Studium, 1973), 60–61.
[64] Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 39.
[65] Lambi, The Navy, 168.
[66] Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 36.
[67] Holger H. Herwig, “The German Reaction to the Dreadnought Revolution,” The International History Review 13, no. 2 (May 1991): 278, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40106367.
[68] Hans-Ulrich Wehler, “Bismarck’s Imperialism 1862-1890,” trans. Norman Porter, J. Sheehan, and T. W. Mason, Past & Present, no. 48 (August 1970): 151, https://www.jstor.org/stable/650484.
[69] As quoted in Hans-Ulrich Wehler, “Bismarck’s Imperialism 1862-1890,” trans. Norman Porter, J. Sheehan, and T. W. Mason, Past & Present, no. 48 (August 1970): 152, https://www.jstor.org/stable/650484.
[70] Wehler, 153; Eckart Kehr, “Anglophobia and Weltpolitik,” in Economic Interest, Militarism, and Foreign Policy (Berkeley,CA: University of California Press, 1977), 39, 82.
[71] Eckart Kehr, “Class Struggle and Armament Policy in Imperial Germany,” in Economic Interest, Militarism, and Foreign Policy, ed. Gordon A. Craig, trans. Grete Heinz (Berkeley,CA: University of California Press, 1977), 75.
[72] Eckart Kehr, “The Social and Financial Foundations of Tirpitz’s Naval Propaganda,” in Economic Interest, Militarism, and Foreign Policy (Berkeley,CA: University of California Press, 1977), 83–84, 87, 89.
[73] Gary E. Weir, Building the Kaiser’s Navy: The Imperial Navy Office and German Industry in the von Tirpitz Era (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1992), 53.
[74] Weir, 53; Steinberg, “Review: The Tirpitz Plan,” The Historical Journal 16, no. 1 (March 1973): 199, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637924.
[75] Weir, Building the Kaiser’s Navy, 31, 109.
[76] Sondhaus, Preparing for Weltpolitik, 216, 218.
[77] Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 69.
[78] Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 46.
[79] Weir, Building the Kaiser’s Navy, 29, 95.
[80] Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 59.
[81] Weir, Building the Kaiser’s Navy, 96, 199; Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 46.
[82] As quoted in Weir, Building the Kaiser’s Navy, 52.
[83] Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 86–87.
[84] Gary E. Weir, “Tirpitz, Technology, and Building U-Boats, 1897-1916,” The International History Review 6, no. 2 (May 1984): 178, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40105369.
[85] Weir, “Tirpitz,” 175.
[86] Alfred von Tirpitz, My Memoirs, by Grand-Admiral von Tirpitz, Volume II (England: Hurst & Blackett, 1919), 571, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31210006877748.
[87] Tirpitz, 572; Herwig, Luxury Fleet, 87.
[88] Weir, “Tirpitz,” 184.
